Learning Objectives

• To discuss updated information on the epidemiology of hypertension, especially regarding the role of hypertension in the global burden of cardiovascular disease.
• To examine clinically relevant mechanisms of hypertension, particularly those that foster salt sensitivity.
• To discuss recent developments in the use of out-of-office BP monitoring in the care of hypertensive patients.
• To describe recent developments in secondary hypertension, particularly in pheochromocytoma, renovascular disease, and primary aldosteronism.
• To discuss and analyze recent hypertension guidelines and clinical trials guiding the care of patients who are hypertensive.

As an accredited organization, the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) requires all individuals in a position to influence or control the content of ASN’s accredited educational activities to disclose all financial relationships with ineligible companies from the past 24 months. “Ineligible companies” are those whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing health care products used by or on patients. Participants should note that evolving topics are presented objectively, without promoting unproven practices, and will be clearly identified. Unscientific approaches or recommendations with risks outweighing benefits are excluded.

The intent of this disclosure is not to prevent expert faculty with relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies from participating, but rather to provide learners with information so they can make their own judgment. ASN ensures that all accredited education is evidence-based, balanced, and free from commercial influence. Patient care recommendations rely on current science and clinical reasoning, with cited research meeting accepted scientific standards.

Disclosures have been reviewed and assessed by ASN. All relationships with ineligible companies have been identified and all relevant financial relationships have been mitigated. Relevant relationships are listed below.

EDITORS:

Martina M. McGrath, MBChB, FASN—Honoraria: Lexicon Pharmaceuticals

EDITORIAL AUTHOR:

Mark J. Sarnak, MD, MS—Consultancy: Boehringer Ingelheim; Research Funding: NIH

AUTHORS:

Katerina M. Jones, DNP, ANP-C—Consultancy:Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Norvatis Pharmaceuticals. Speaker’s Bureau: Apellis Pharmaceuticals

Claretha Lyas, MD, MPH—Consultancy:Baxter Healthcare

REVIEW PANEL DISCLOSURES:

Pradeep Dhakarwal, MD—Public Stock: CVS, Illumina, Fulgent Genetic

The remaining editors, authors, reviewers, and staff had no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose.

Commercial Support

There is no commercial support for this issue.

The nephSAP editorial team and the KSAP editorial board extend their sincere appreciation to the following reviewers. Their efforts and insights help improve the quality of these postgraduate education offerings. 

nephSAP Review Panel, Volume 24, Number 2, May 2025

• Anand Achanti, MD, Medical University of South Carolina, UNITED STATES
• Emmy Bell, MD, University of Alabama, UNITED STATES
• Alice Ching, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin, Clement J. Zablocki, VA Hospital, American College of Physicians, UNITED STATES
• Pradeep Dhakarwal, MD, Nephrology & Hypertension Associates, UNITED STATES
• Saleh Kaysi, MD, Brugmann University Hospital, BELGIUM
• Meyer Lifschitz, MD, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, UNITED STATES
• Niti Madan, MD, UC Davis, UNITED STATES
• Veena Manjunath, MD, Alameda Health Medical Group, UNITED STATES
• Donal Reddan, MB BCh, Galway University Hospital, IRELAND
• Jordan Rosenstock, MD, Northwell Health, UNITED STATES
• Stephen Sozio, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
• Parikshit Thakur Hameer, MD, FASN, Presbyterian Plains Regional Medical Center, UNITED STATES
• Sumeska Thavarajah, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
• Rabi Yacoub, MD, University at Buffalo, UNITED STATES

Program Mission and Objectives

nephSAP® provides a learning vehicle for physicians, scientists, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals working and training in the field of nephrology to renew and refresh their clinical knowledge, diagnostic, and therapeutic skills. This enduring material provides learners challenging, clinically-oriented questions based on case vignettes, detailed learning objectives, a series of articles that review recent publications, and an editorial on an important and evolving topic. This combination of materials enables learners to rigorously assess their strengths and weaknesses in the broad domain of nephrology.

Target Audience

Physicians, scientists, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals working and training in the field of nephrology.

Accreditation Statements

In support of improving patient care, the American Society of Nephrology is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

AMA Credit Designation Statement – Physicians: The American Society of Nephrology designates this internet activity (enduring material) for a maximum of 10.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

ABIM MOC Statement

Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 10.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine’s (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider’s responsibility to submit participant completion information to Joint Accreditation for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit. MOC points will be applied to only those ABIM candidates who have enrolled in the MOC program. It is your responsibility to complete the ABIM MOC enrollment process.

Original Release Date: May 2025

CME/MOC Termination Date: April 30, 2027 at 11:59 pm ET

Examination Available Online: On or before May 31, 2025

Estimated Time for Completion: 10 hours 

Self-Assessment Examination

• Answers with explanations are provided with a passing score after the first and/or second attempt
• This issue will be archived May 1, 2027, and answers with explanations will be posted on the ASN website

Method of Participation

• Read the entire issue that is supplemented by original articles in the reference lists.
• Complete the online self-assessment examination.
• Each participant is allowed two attempts to pass the examination (75% correct) for CME and MOC.
• Upon completion, review your score and incorrect answers and print your certificate.

Activity Evaluation, CE, and MOC

• Go to ASN eLEARNING CENTER (education.asn-online.org)
• Select MY ACTIVITIES from the left-hand navigation.
• Select the corresponding issue.
• Read all information on the Overview screen.
• Follow the onscreen instructions to:
  • Complete the Exam (i.e., post test),
  • Complete the Evaluation,
  • Claim credit/MOC, and
  • IMPORTANT: select the credit type that corresponds with your designation, and
  • Print a Certificate

Your ASN Transcript is available on the ASN website:

• Go to the ASN website and log in to your ASN Profile page
• Select the CME/CE Transcript tab
• View credits claimed or print a certificate with continuing education information for completed learning activities