Effect of CKD on Comorbidities
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Shayan Shirazian Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York

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  • 1.

    Nixon AC, Bampouras TM, Pendleton N, Woywodt A, Mitra S, Dhaygude A: Frailty and chronic kidney disease: Current evidence and continuing uncertainties. Clin Kidney J 11: 236245, 2018 10.1093/ckj/sfx134 PubMed

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  • 2.

    Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group, et al.: Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56: M146M156, 2001 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 PubMed

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  • 3.

    Chowdhury R, Peel NM, Krosch M, Hubbard RE: Frailty and chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 68: 135142, 2017 10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.007 PubMed

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  • 4.

    Gamboa JL, Roshanravan B, Towse T, Keller CA, Falck AM, Yu C, et al.: Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is present in patients with CKD before initiation of maintenance hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 926936, 2020 10.2215/cjn.10320819 PubMed

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  • 5.

    Miller LM, Rifkin D, Lee AK, Kurella Tamura M, Pajewski NM, Weiner DE, et al.: Association of urine biomarkers of kidney tubule injury and dysfunction with frailty index and cognitive function in persons with CKD in SPRINT. Am J Kidney Dis 78: 530540.e1, 2021 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.009 PubMed

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  • 6.

    Dalrymple LS, Katz R, Rifkin DE, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Fried LF, et al.: Kidney function and prevalent and incident frailty. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 20912099, 2013 10.2215/cjn.02870313 PubMed

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  • 7.

    Ballew SH, Chen Y, Daya NR, Godino JG, Windham BG, McAdams-DeMarco M, et al.: Frailty, kidney function, and polypharmacy: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 69: 228236, 2017 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.034 PubMed

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  • 8.

    Guerville F, de Souto Barreto P, Taton B, Bourdel-Marchasson I, Rolland Y, Vellas B, Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT)/Data Sharing Alzheimer (DSA) Group: Estimated glomerular filtration rate decline and incident frailty in older adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 15971604, 2019 10.2215/cjn.03750319 PubMed

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  • 9.

    Rampersad C, Darcel J, Harasemiw O, Brar RS, Komenda P, Rigatto C, et al.: Change in physical activity and function in patients with baseline advanced nondialysis CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 18051812, 2021 10.2215/cjn.07050521 PubMed

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  • 10.

    Hannan M, Chen J, Hsu J, Zhang X, Saunders MR, Brown J, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Frailty and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with CKD: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 83: 208215, 2024 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.06.009 PubMed

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  • 11.

    Brar RS, Whitlock RH, Komenda PVJ, Rigatto C, Prasad B, Bohm C, et al.: Provider perception of frailty is associated with dialysis decision making in patients with advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 552559, 2021 10.2215/cjn.12480720 PubMed

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  • 12.

    Hanna RM, Ghobry L, Wassef O, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K: A practical approach to nutrition, protein-energy wasting, sarcopenia, and cachexia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif 49: 202211, 2020 10.1159/000504240 PubMed

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  • 13.

    Wong L, Duque G, McMahon LP: Sarcopenia and frailty: Challenges in mainstream nephrology practice. Kidney Int Rep 6: 25542564, 2021 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.05.039 PubMed

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  • 14.

    McAdams-DeMarco MA, Isaacs K, Darko L, Salter ML, Gupta N, King EA, et al.: Changes in frailty after kidney transplantation. J Am Geriatr Soc 63: 21522157, 2015 10.1111/jgs.13657 PubMed

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  • 15.

    Beetham KS, Krishnasamy R, Stanton T, Sacre JW, Douglas B, Isbel NM, et al.: Effect of a 3-year lifestyle intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 33: 431441, 2022 10.1681/asn.2021050668 PubMed

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  • 16.

    Weiner DE, Liu CK, Miao S, Fielding R, Katzel LI, Giffuni J, et al.: Effect of long-term exercise training on physical performance and cardiorespiratory function in adults with CKD: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 81: 5966, 2023 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.06.008 PubMed

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  • 17.

    Mathur V, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Whitlock R, Ferguson TW, Collister D, et al.: Association of metabolic acidosis with fractures, falls, protein-calorie malnutrition and failure to thrive in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 15: 13791386, 2022 10.1093/ckj/sfac065 PubMed

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  • 18.

    Navab F, Rouhani MH, Moeinzadeh F, Clark CCT, Ziaei R: The effects of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anthropometric measures in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Sci Nutr 11: 67496760, 2023 10.1002/fsn3.3627 PubMed

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  • 19.

    Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A: Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: Cd003288, 2009 10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3 PubMed

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  • 20.

    Cooke-Hubley SM, Senior P, Bello AK, Wiebe N, Klarenbach S: Degree of albuminuria is associated with increased risk of fragility fractures independent of estimated GFR. Kidney Int Rep 8: 23152325, 2023 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.016 PubMed

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  • 21.

    Masrouri S, Esmaeili F, Tohidi M, Azizi F, Hadaegh F: Rapid decline of kidney function increases fracture risk in the general population: Insights from TLGS. Bone 179: 116974, 2024 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116974 PubMed

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  • 22.

    Hsu S, Bansal N, Denburg M, Ginsberg C, Hoofnagle AN, Isakova T, et al.: Risk factors for hip and vertebral fractures in chronic kidney disease: The CRIC study. J Bone Miner Res 39: 433442, 2024 10.1093/jbmr/zjae021 PubMed

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  • 23.

    Levy RV, McMahon DJ, Agarwal S, Dempster D, Zhou H, Misof BM, et al.: Comprehensive associations between acidosis and the skeleton in patients with kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 34: 668681, 2023 10.1681/asn.0000000000000085 PubMed

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  • 24.

    Hall RK, Blumenthal JB, Doerfler RM, Chen J, Diamantidis CJ, Jaar BG, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Risk of potentially inappropriate medications in adults with CKD: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 78: 837845.e1, 2021 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.03.019 PubMed

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  • 25.

    Muanda FT, Blake PG, Weir MA, Bathini L, Chauvin K, Dixon SN, et al.: Association of baclofen with falls and fractures in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 78: 470473, 2021 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.12.017 PubMed

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  • 26.

    Muanda FT, Weir MA, Ahmadi F, Sontrop JM, Cowan A, Fleet JL, et al.: Higher-dose gabapentinoids and the risk of adverse events in older adults with CKD: A population-based cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 80: 98107.e1, 2022 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.11.007 PubMed

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  • 27.

    Zhu N, Xu H, Lagerberg T, Johnell K, Carrero JJ, Chang Z: Comparative safety of antidepressants in adults with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 178188, 2023 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000348 PubMed

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  • 28.

    Yeung W-CG, Palmer SC, Strippoli GFM, Talbot B, Shah N, Hawley CM, et al.: Vitamin D therapy in adults with CKD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 82: 543558, 2023 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.04.003 PubMed

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  • 29.

    Evenepoel P, Jørgensen HS, Bover J, Davenport A, Bacchetta J, Haarhaus M, et al.: Recommended calcium intake in adults and children with chronic kidney disease—A European consensus statement. Nephrol Dial Transplant 39: 341366, 2024 10.1093/ndt/gfad185 PubMed

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  • 30.

    Ishigami J, Matsushita K: Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 23: 437447, 2019 10.1007/s10157-018-1641-8 PubMed

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  • 31.

    Fu EL, Carrero J-J, Sang Y, Evans M, Ishigami J, Inker LA, et al.: Association of low glomerular filtration rate with adverse outcomes at older age in a large population with routinely measured cystatin C. Ann Intern Med 177: 269279, 2024 10.7326/m23-1138 PubMed

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  • 32.

    Ishigami J, Sumida K, Grams ME, Chang AR, Lutsey PL, Levey AS, et al.: CKD and risk of incident hospitalization with Clostridioides difficile infection: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 80: 297299, 2022 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.10.010 PubMed

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  • 33.

    Luczynski P, Holmes T, Romanowski K, Arbiv OA, Cook VJ, Clark EG, et al.: Risk of tuberculosis disease in people with chronic kidney disease without kidney failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 77: 11941200, 2023 10.1093/cid/ciad364 PubMed

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  • 34.

    Ishigami J, Taliercio J, I Feldman H, Srivastava A, Townsend R, L Cohen D, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Inflammatory markers and incidence of hospitalization with infection in chronic kidney disease. Am J Epidemiol 189: 433444, 2020 10.1093/aje/kwz246 PubMed

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  • 35.

    Su G, Iwagami M, Qin X, McDonald H, Liu X, Carrero JJ, et al.: Kidney disease and mortality in patients with respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J 14: 602611, 2021 10.1093/ckj/sfz188 PubMed

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    Ishigami J, Cowan LT, Demmer RT, Grams ME, Lutsey PL, Coresh J, et al.: Hospitalization with major infection and incidence of end-stage renal disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Mayo Clin Proc 95: 19281939, 2020 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.026 PubMed

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  • 37.

    Ou SM, Lee KH, Tsai MT, Tseng WC, Chu YC, Tarng DC: Sepsis and the risks of long-term renal adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 9: 809292, 2022 10.3389/fmed.2022.809292 PubMed

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  • 38.

    Hamad MA, Allam H, Sulaiman A, Murali K, Cheikh Hassan HI: Systematic review and meta-analysis of herpes zoster vaccine in patients with CKD. Kidney Int Rep 6: 12541264, 2021 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.024 PubMed

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  • 39.

    Ishigami J, Jaar BG, Charleston JB, Lash JP, Brown J, Chen J, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Factors associated with non-vaccination for influenza among patients with CKD: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 83: 196207.e1, 2024 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.06.007 PubMed

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  • 40.

    Scheppach JB, Coresh J, Wu A, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Knopman DS, et al.: Albuminuria and estimated GFR as risk factors for dementia in midlife and older age: Findings from the ARIC study. Am J Kidney Dis 76: 775783, 2020 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.015 PubMed

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  • 41.

    Paterson EN, Maxwell AP, Kee F, Cruise S, Young IS, McGuinness B, et al.: Association of renal impairment with cognitive dysfunction in the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA). Nephrol Dial Transplant 36: 14921499, 2021 10.1093/ndt/gfab182 PubMed

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  • 42.

    Levassort H, Boucquemont J, Alencar de Pinho N, Lambert O, Helmer C, Metzger M, CKD-REIN Study Collaborators, et al.: A new approach for cognitive impairment pattern in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 39: 848859, 2023 10.1093/ndt/gfad244 PubMed

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    Kelly DM, Pinheiro AA, Koini M, Anderson CD, Aparicio H, Hofer E, et al.: Impaired kidney function, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive disorders: The Framingham Heart Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024: gfae079, 2024 10.1093/ndt/gfae079 PubMed

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    Babroudi S, Tighiouart H, Schrauben SJ, Cohen JB, Fischer MJ, Rahman M, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Blood pressure, incident cognitive impairment, and severity of CKD: Findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 82: 443453.e1, 2023 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.03.012 PubMed

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  • 45.

    Bobot M, Thomas L, Moyon A, Fernandez S, McKay N, Balasse L, et al.: Uremic toxic blood-brain barrier disruption mediated by AhR activation leads to cognitive impairment during experimental renal dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 31: 15091521, 2020 10.1681/asn.2019070728 PubMed

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    Lidgard B, Bansal N, Zelnick LR, Hoofnagle A, Chen J, Colaizzo D, CRIC Study Investigators, et al.: Association of proximal tubular secretory clearance with long-term decline in cognitive function. J Am Soc Nephrol 33: 13911401, 2022 10.1681/asn.2021111435 PubMed

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    Chu NM, Hong J, Harasemiw O, Chen X, Fowler KJ, Dasgupta I, Global Renal Exercise Network, et al.: Chronic kidney disease, physical activity and cognitive function in older adults—Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014). Nephrol Dial Transplant 37: 21802189, 2022 10.1093/ndt/gfab338 PubMed

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  • 48.

    Ho JQ, Verghese J, Abramowitz MK: Walking while talking in older adults with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 665672, 2020 10.2215/cjn.12401019 PubMed

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  • 49.

    Koren MJ, Blumen HM, Ayers EI, Verghese J, Abramowitz MK: Cognitive dysfunction and gait abnormalities in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 694704, 2021 10.2215/cjn.16091020 PubMed

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  • 50.

    Scheppach JB, Wu A, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Arsiwala-Scheppach LT, Knopman DS, et al.: Association of kidney function measures with signs of neurodegeneration and small vessel disease on brain magnetic resonance imaging: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 81: 261269.e1, 2023 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.013 PubMed

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  • 51.

    Theodorakopoulou MP, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Faitatzidou D, Koutlas A, Doumas M, et al.: Cerebral oxygenation during exercise deteriorates with advancing chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 38: 23792388, 2023 10.1093/ndt/gfad076 PubMed

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    Lepping RJ, Montgomery RN, Sharma P, Mahnken JD, Vidoni ED, Choi I-Y, et al.: Normalization of cerebral blood flow, neurochemicals, and white matter integrity after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 32: 177187, 2021 10.1681/asn.2020050584 PubMed

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    Barbieri M, Chiodini P, Di Gennaro P, Hafez G, Liabeuf S, Malyszko J, CONNECT Action (Cognitive Decline in Nephro-Neurology European Cooperative Target) collaborators, et al.: Efficacy of erythropoietin as a neuroprotective agent in CKD-associated cognitive dysfunction: A literature systematic review. Pharmacol Res 203: 107146, 2024 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107146 PubMed

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    Ishigami J, Grams ME, Naik RP, Coresh J, Matsushita K: Chronic kidney disease and risk for gastrointestinal bleeding in the community: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 17351743, 2016 10.2215/cjn.02170216 PubMed

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    Lin Y, Li C, Waters D, Kwok CS: Gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 45: 2276908, 2023 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2276908 PubMed

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