Learning Objectives

• To review the definition, epidemiology and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).
• To analyze the pathophysiology of various causes of AKI, including ATN, prerenal, cardiorenal, and hepatorenal conditions.
• To categorize the appropriate differential diagnoses, identifying both glomerular and other interstitial lesions responsible for causing AKI.
• To examine updates in the prevention and treatment of AKI.

It is the policy of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) that all individuals in a position to control the content of ASN's educational activities are expected to disclose all their and their life spouse/partner's financial relationships with “ineligible companies” within the prior 24 months as well as other non-financial interests. (“Ineligible companies” are those whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing health care products used by or on patients.) Participants should note that the use of products outside U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved labeling should be considered experimental and are advised to consult current prescribing information for approval indications.

The intent of this policy is not to prevent expert faculty with relevant relationship(s) with commercial interest(s) from involvement in educational activities, but rather to ensure that these activities promote quality and safety, are effective in improving medical practice, are based on valid content, and are independent of control from commercial interests and free of commercial bias. In addition, all faculty were instructed to provide balanced, scientifically rigorous, and evidence-based presentations.

ASN requires all individuals in a position to control content for this activity to complete disclosure forms on the ASN website. Responses are listed below.

Disclosures have been reviewed and assessed by ASN. All relationships with ineligible companies have been identified and all relevant financial relationships have been mitigated.

View the full ASN Conflict of Interest and Disclosure Policy: https://www.asn-online.org/education/cme/coi-disclosure.pdf.

EDITORS:

Alice M. Sheridan, MD, FASN—Employer(s): Brigham and Women’s Hospital; No additional relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose.

Martina M. McGrath, MBChB, FASN—Employer(s): Brigham and Women’s Hospital; VA Boston Medical Center; Honoraria: Lexicon Pharmaceuticals..

EDITORIAL AUTHOR:

Ron Wald, MDCM, MPH—Employer(s): St. Michael's Hospital; Consultancy: Lilly; Otsuka; Baxter; Alexion, Honoraria: Baxter, Otsuka; Advisory or Membership Role: Contributor, UpToDate.

AUTHORS:

Roberta Fenoglio, MD—Employer(s): University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit and Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, ASL Citta di Torino and University of Torino; No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies disclosed.

Kianoush Kashani, MD, MS, FASN—Employer(s): Mayo Clinic; Consultancy: AM PHARMA; Computational Life; Baxter Healthcare Inc.; Research Funding: La Jolla Inc.; BioMerieux; Spectral; ExThera; SeaStar; Novartis; Renibus; Honoraria: Nikkiso; Baxter; Patents and Inventions: MediBeacon; Advisory or Membership Role: MediBeacon Inc.; La Jolla Inc.; GE; Baxter.

Wendy I. McCallum, MD, MS—Employer(s): Tufts Medical Center; No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies disclosed.

Melanie Meersch, MD—Employer(s): University Hospital Muenster; Research Funding: Unrestricted research grant from Baxter; Honoraria: Baxter, Fresenius.

Mitra K. Nadim, MD, FASN—Employer(s): Keck School of Medicine, USC; Consultancy: Mallinckrodt; Baxter; Ocelot; Honoraria: Mallinckrodt; Baxter; Ocelot; Advisory or Membership Role: Mallinckrodt - Advisory Board meeting; Baxter - Advisory Board meeting; Ocelot -Advisory Board meeting.

Javier A. Neyra, MD, MS, FASN—Employer(s): University of Alabama at Birmingham; Consultancy: Baxter, AcelRx, Spectral Medical Inc; Advisory or Membership Role: Section Editor, Clinical Nephrology; Guest Editor, Critical Care Nephrology in Advances in Kidney Disease and Health; Editorial Board, Kidney360, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Advances in Kidney Disease and Health; Co-Director, Clinical & Innovation Cores of the UAB-UCSD O'Brien Center for Acute Kidney Injury Research.

Dario Roccatello, MD—Employer(s): University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit and Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, ASL Citta di Torino and University of Torino; No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies disclosed.

Mark J. Sarnak, MD, MS—Employer(s): Tufts Medical Center; Consultancy: Steering Committee of Trials Funded by Akebia; Boehringer Ingelheim; Research Funding: NIH.

Khaled Shawwa, MD, MS, FASN—Employer(s): West Virginia University; Ownership Interest: TSLA, ENPH, IREN, PLL and FTCI.

J. Pedro Teixeira, MD, FASN—Employer(s): University of New Mexico; Consultancy: Outset Medical; Ownership Interest: Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S, Pfizer Inc; Research Funding: Sentien Biotechnologies Inc.; Rediscovery Life Sciences LLC; Gilead; Pfizer; La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company/Innoviva; Astute Medical/bioMérieux; Honoraria: Outset Medical; Speaker’s Bureau: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals.

Juan Carlos Q. Velez, MD, FASN—Employer(s): Ochsner Health; Consultancy: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Travere Therapeutics, Calliditas; Honoraria: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Travere Therapeutics, Calliditas; Advisory or Membership Role: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Travere Therapeutics, Calliditas, Speaker’s Bureau: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals

ASN STAFF:

Suzanne P. Armstrong, MA—Employer(s): American Society of Nephrology; No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose.

Lisa Netha Xayavong, MA—Employer(s): American Society of Nephrology; No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose.

Commercial Support

There is no commercial support for this issue.

The nephSAP editorial team and the KSAP editorial board extend their sincere appreciation to the following reviewers. Their efforts and insights help improve the quality of these postgraduate education offerings. 

nephSAP Review Panel, Volume 23, Number 3, August 2024

• Farsad Afshinnia, MD, MS, FASN University of Michigan UNITED STATES
• Gaurav Agarwal, MD, FASN University of Alabama at Birmingham UNITED STATES
• Gopal Basu MD, MBBS, FASN The Alfred, Monash University (CCS) AUSTRALIA
• Shirley S. Chang MD, FASN SUNY Buffalo UNITED STATES
• Devasmita Choudhury, MD, FASN Salem VA Medical Center, University of Virginia, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine UNITED STATES
• Pedro Henrique Franca Gois, MD, PhD, FASN The University of Queensland AUSTRALIA
• Rakhi Khanna, DO, FASN Rush University Medical Center UNITED STATES
• Eleanor D. Lederer, MD, FASN University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center UNITED STATES
• Saugar Maripuri, MD, MPH Hennepin Healthcare UNITED STATES
• Kerri McGreal, MD University of Kansas Medical Center UNITED STATES
• Ashraf Mikhail, MD Morriston Hospital UNITED KINGDOM
• Cynthia C. Nast, MD, FASN Cedars-Sinai Medical Center UNITED STATES
• Georges Ouellet, MD Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital CANADA
• Pairach Pintavorn, MD, FASN East Georgia Kidney Group UNITED STATES
• Anastasia Ptinopoulou, MD, PhD General Hospital of Trikala GREECE
• Hernan Rincon-Choles, MD, MS, FASN Cleveland Clinic UNITED STATES
• Mwf van den Hoogen, MD, PhD Erasmus Medical Centre NETHERLANDS
• Julie M. Yabu, MD, MS, FASN David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA UNITED STATES
• Michifumi Yamashita, MD, PhD, FASN Cedars-Sinai Medical Center UNITED STATES

Program Mission and Objectives

nephSAP® provides a learning vehicle for physicians, scientists, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals working and training in the field of nephrology to renew and refresh their clinical knowledge, diagnostic, and therapeutic skills. This enduring material provides learners challenging, clinically-oriented questions based on case vignettes, detailed learning objectives, a series of articles that review recent publications, and an editorial on an important and evolving topic. This combination of materials enables learners to rigorously assess their strengths and weaknesses in the broad domain of nephrology.

Target Audience

Physicians, scientists, advanced practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and other health professionals working and training in the field of nephrology.

Accreditation Statements

In support of improving patient care, the American Society of Nephrology is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

AMA Credit Designation Statement – Physicians: The American Society of Nephrology designates this internet activity (enduring material) for a maximum of 10.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

ABIM MOC Statement

Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 10.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine’s (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider’s responsibility to submit participant completion information to Joint Accreditation for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit. MOC points will be applied to only those ABIM candidates who have enrolled in the MOC program. It is your responsibility to complete the ABIM MOC enrollment process.

Original Release Date: August 2024

CME/MOC Termination Date: July 31, 2026 at 11:59 pm ET

Examination Available Online: On or before August 27, 2024

Estimated Time for Completion: 10 hours 

Self-Assessment Examination

• Answers with explanations are provided with a passing score after the first and/or second attempt
• This issue will be archived August 1, 2026, and answers with explanations will be posted on the ASN website

Method of Participation

• Read the entire issue that is supplemented by original articles in the reference lists.
• Complete the online self-assessment examination.
• Each participant is allowed two attempts to pass the examination (75% correct) for CME and MOC.
• Upon completion, review your score and incorrect answers and print your certificate.

Activity Evaluation, CE, and MOC

• Go to ASN eLEARNING CENTER (education.asn-online.org)
• Select MY ACTIVITIES from the left-hand navigation.
• Select the corresponding issue.
• Read all information on the Overview screen.
• Follow the onscreen instructions to:
  • Complete the Exam (i.e., post test),
  • Complete the Evaluation,
  • Claim credit/MOC, and
  • IMPORTANT: select the credit type that corresponds with your designation, and
  • Print a Certificate

Your ASN Transcript is available on the ASN website:

• Go to the ASN website and log in to your ASN Profile page
• Select the CME/CE Transcript tab
• View credits claimed or print a certificate with continuing education information for completed learning activities