Hepatorenal Syndrome
By:
Juan Carlos Q. Velez Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Health, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana

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  • 1.

    Patel A, Zhang C, Minacapelli CD, Gupta K, Catalano C, Li Y, et al.: Outcomes, mortality, and cost burden of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 32: 3950, 2023 10.15403/jgld-4618 PubMed

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  • 2.

    Ginès A, Escorsell A, Ginès P, Saló J, Jiménez W, Inglada L, et al.: Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 105: 229236, 1993 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90031-7 PubMed

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  • 3.

    Kanduri SR, Velez JCQ: Kidney dysfunction in the setting of liver failure: Core curriculum 2024. Am J Kidney Dis 83: 386401, 2024 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.08.013 PubMed

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  • 4.

    Patidar KR, Belcher JM, Regner KR, St Hillien SA, Simonetto DA, Asrani SK, from the HRS-HARMONY consortium, et al.: Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury including hepatorenal syndrome in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis in the US. J Hepatol 79: 14081417, 2023 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.010 PubMed

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  • 5.

    Gambino C, Piano S, Stenico M, Tonon M, Brocca A, Calvino V, et al.: Diagnostic and prognostic performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology 77: 16301638, 2023 10.1002/hep.32799 PubMed

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  • 6.

    Sohal A, Chaudhry H, Dukovic D, Kowdley KV: Outcomes among patients with hepatorenal syndrome based on hospital teaching and transplant status: Analysis of 159 845 hospitalizations. JGH Open 7: 848854, 2023 10.1002/jgh3.12985 PubMed

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  • 7.

    Velez JCQ, Latt N, Rodby RA: Pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome. Adv Kidney Dis Health 31: 8799, 2024 10.1053/j.akdh.2024.01.002 PubMed

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  • 13.

    Mandorfer M, Bota S, Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Pfisterer N, Kruzik M, et al.: Nonselective beta blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 146: 16801690 e1, 2014 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.005 PubMed

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  • 16.

    Peng JL, Techasatian W, Hato T, Liangpunsakul S: Role of endotoxemia in causing renal dysfunction in cirrhosis. J Investig Med 68: 2629, 2020 10.1136/jim-2019-001056 PubMed

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  • 18.

    Fickert P, Krones E, Pollheimer MJ, Thueringer A, Moustafa T, Silbert D, et al.: Bile acids trigger cholemic nephropathy in common bile-duct-ligated mice. Hepatology 58: 20562069, 2013 10.1002/hep.26599 PubMed

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  • 19.

    Ghallab A, González D, Strängberg E, Hofmann U, Myllys M, Hassan R, et al.: Inhibition of the renal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter prevents cholemic nephropathy in mice with obstructive cholestasis. J Hepatol 80: 268281, 2023 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.10.035 PubMed

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  • 20.

    Bräsen JH, Mederacke Y-S, Schmitz J, Diahovets K, Khalifa A, Hartleben B, et al.: Cholemic nephropathy causes acute kidney injury and is accompanied by loss of aquaporin 2 in collecting ducts. Hepatology 69: 21072119, 2019 10.1002/hep.30499 PubMed

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  • 21.

    Seethapathy H, Sharma S, Zhao S, Chung RT, Connor MJ, Leaf DE, et al.: Acute kidney injury following paracentesis among inpatients with cirrhosis. Kidney Int Rep 5: 13051308, 2020 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.05.014 PubMed

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  • 22.

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  • 23.

    Huggins JT, Doelken P, Walters C, Rockey DC: Point-of-care echocardiography improves assessment of volume status in cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. Am J Med Scti 351: 550553, 2016 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.02.040 PubMed

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  • 24.

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  • 25.

    Gurghean AV, Tudor IA: Pulmonary hypertension in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. An echographic study. Clujul Med 90: 161165, 2017 10.15386/cjmed-705 PubMed

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  • 26.

    Li J, Zhuang Q, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Qiao Z, Zhang J, et al.: Prevalence and prognosis of portopulmonary hypertension in 223 liver transplant recipients. Can Respir J 2018: 9629570, 2018 10.1155/2018/9629570 PubMed

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    Anikhindi SA, Ranjan P, Kumar M, Mohan R: A prospective study of prevalence and predictors of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and its role in development of hepatorenal syndrome. J Clin Exp Hepatol 12: 853860, 2022 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.005 PubMed

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  • 29.

    Danielsen KV, Wiese S, Busk T, Nabilou P, Kronborg TM, Petersen CL, et al.: Cardiovascular mapping in cirrhosis from the compensated stage to hepatorenal syndrome: A magnetic resonance study. Am J Gastroenterol 117: 12691278, 2022 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001847 PubMed

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  • 30.

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  • 31.

    Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, et al.: Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol 62: 968974, 2015 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 PubMed

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  • 32.

    Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Forni L, Francoz C, Asrani SK, Ostermann M, et al.: Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) and International Club of Ascites (ICA) joint multidisciplinary consensus meeting. J Hepatol 81: 163183, 2024 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.031 PubMed

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    Premkumar M, Rangegowda D, Kajal K, Khumuckham JS: Noninvasive estimation of intravascular volume status in cirrhosis by dynamic size and collapsibility indices of the inferior vena cava using bedside echocardiography. JGH Open 3: 322328, 2019 10.1002/jgh3.12166 PubMed

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  • 35.

    Velez JCQ, Petkovich B, Karakala N, Huggins JT: Point-of-care echocardiography unveils misclassification of acute kidney injury as hepatorenal syndrome. Am J Nephrol 50: 204211, 2019 10.1159/000501299 PubMed

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  • 36.

    China L, Freemantle N, Forrest E, Kallis Y, Ryder SD, Wright G, ATTIRE Trial Investigators, et al.: A randomized trial of albumin infusions in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 384: 808817, 2021 10.1056/NEJMoa2022166 PubMed

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  • 37.

    Velez JCQ, Therapondos G, Juncos LA: Reappraising the spectrum of AKI and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 16: 137155, 2020 10.1038/s41581-019-0218-4 PubMed

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  • 38.

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  • 40.

    Alsaad AA, Wadei HM: Fractional excretion of sodium in hepatorenal syndrome: Clinical and pathological correlation. World J Hepatol 8: 14971501, 2016 10.4254/wjh.v8.i34.1497 PubMed

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  • 41.

    Belcher JM, Sanyal AJ, Peixoto AJ, Perazella MA, Lim J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, TRIBE-AKI Consortium, et al.: Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology 60: 622632, 2014 10.1002/hep.26980 PubMed

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    Gowda YHS, Jagtap N, Karyampudi A, Rao NP, Deepika G, Sharma M, et al.: Fractional excretion of sodium and urea in differentiating acute kidney injury phenotypes in decompensated cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 12: 899907, 2022 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.09.019 PubMed

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    Allegretti AS, Parada XV, Endres P, Zhao S, Krinsky S, St Hillien SA, HRS-HARMONY study investigators, et al.: Urinary NGAL as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: A prospective study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 12: e00359, 2021 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000359 PubMed

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    Watany MM, Hagag RY, Okda HI: Circulating miR-21, miR-210 and miR-146a as potential biomarkers to differentiate acute tubular necrosis from hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis: A pilot study. Clin Chem Lab Med 56: 739747, 2018 10.1515/cclm-2017-0483 PubMed

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    Ma AT, Solé C, Juanola A, Escudé L, Napoleone L, Avitabile E, et al.: Prospective validation of the EASL management algorithm for acute kidney injury in cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2024 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.006 PubMed

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    Malik A, Malik MI, Qureshi S, Nadir A: Efficacy and safety of terlipressin and albumin vs. noradrenaline and albumin in adult patients with hepatorenal syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol 29: 101495, 2024 10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101495 PubMed

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