Chronic Kidney Disease and ESKD in Children
By:
Vimal Chadha Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri

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  • 1.

    Tong A, Lowe A, Sainsbury P, Craig JC: Experiences of parents who have children with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Pediatrics 121: 349360, 2008 PubMed

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  • 2.

    Lopes M, Ferraro A, Koch VH: Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with CKD stages 4-5 and their caregivers. Pediatr Nephrol 29: 12391247, 2014 PubMed

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  • 3.

    Moreira JM, Bouissou Morais Soares CM, Teixeira AL, Simões E Silva AC, Kummer AM: Anxiety, depression, resilience and quality of life in children and adolescents with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 30: 21532162, 2015 PubMed

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  • 4.

    Medway M, Tong A, Craig JC, Kim S, Mackie F, McTaggart S, et al.: Parental perspectives on the financial impact of caring for a child with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 65: 384393, 2015 PubMed

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  • 5.

    KDIGO: KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 3: 1150, 2013

  • 6.

    Schwartz GJ, Furth SL: Glomerular filtration rate measurement and estimation in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 22: 18391848, 2007 PubMed

  • 7.

    Fuhrman DY, Schneider MF, Dell KM, Blydt-Hansen TD, Mak R, Saland JM, et al.: Albuminuria, proteinuria, and renal disease progression in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12: 912920, 2017 PubMed

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  • 8.

    Schwartz GJ, Muñoz A, Schneider MF, Mak RH, Kaskel F, Warady BA, et al.: New equations to estimate GFR in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 629637, 2009 PubMed

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  • 9.

    Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, et al.; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration): A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150: 604612, 2009 PubMed

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  • 10.

    Pottel H, Björk J, Bökenkamp A, Berg U, Åsling-Monemi K, Selistre L, et al.: Estimating glomerular filtration rate at the transition from pediatric to adult care. Kidney Int 95: 12341243, 2019 PubMed

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  • 11.

    Schellekens P, Verjans M, Janssens P, Dachy A, De Rechter S, Breysem L, et al.: Low agreement between various eGFR formulae in pediatric and young adult ADPKD patients. Pediatr Nephrol 38: 30433053, 2023 PubMed

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  • 12.

    Furth SL, Cole SR, Moxey-Mims M, Kaskel F, Mak R, Schwartz G, et al.: Design and methods of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) prospective cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 10061015, 2006 PubMed

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  • 13.

    Pierce CB, Muñoz A, Ng DK, Warady BA, Furth SL, Schwartz GJ: Age- and sex-dependent clinical equations to estimate glomerular filtration rates in children and young adults with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 99: 948956, 2021 PubMed

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  • 14.

    Atkinson MA, Ng DK, Warady BA, Furth SL, Flynn JT: The CKiD study: Overview and summary of findings related to kidney disease progression. Pediatr Nephrol 36: 527538, 2021 PubMed

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  • 15.

    Ng DK, Schwartz GJ, Schneider MF, Furth SL, Warady BA: Combination of pediatric and adult formulas yield valid glomerular filtration rate estimates in young adults with a history of pediatric chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 94: 170177, 2018 PubMed

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  • 16.

    United States Renal Data System: 2023 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States, Bethesda, MD, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2023

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  • 17.

    Harada R, Hamasaki Y, Okuda Y, Hamada R, Ishikura K: Epidemiology of pediatric chronic kidney disease/kidney failure: Learning from registries and cohort studies. Pediatr Nephrol 37: 12151229, 2022 PubMed

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  • 18.

    Hogg R, Middleton J, Vehaskari VM: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis—Epidemiology aspects in children and adults. Pediatr Nephrol 22: 183186, 2007 PubMed

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  • 19.

    Van Stralen KJ, Borzych-Dużalka D, Hataya H, Kennedy SE, Jager KJ, Verrina E, et al.; ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry; IPPN registry; ANZDATA registry; Japanese RRT registry: Survival and clinical outcomes of children starting renal replacement therapy in the neonatal period. Kidney Int 86: 168174, 2014 PubMed

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  • 20.

    Chadha V, Warady BA: Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis/assessing peritoneal function in pediatric patients. In Handbook of Dialysis Therapy, 6th Ed., edited by Nissensen AR, Fine RN, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2023, pp 741748

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  • 21.

    Slagle C, Askenazi D, Starr M: Recent advances in kidney replacement therapy in infants: A review. Am J Kidney Dis 83: 519530, 2024 PubMed

  • 22.

    Ahn SY, Mendoza S, Kaplan G, Reznik V: Chronic kidney disease in the VACTERL association: Clinical course and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 24: 10471053, 2009 PubMed

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  • 23.

    Diaz J, Chavers B, Chinnakotla S, Verghese P: Outcomes of kidney transplants in pediatric patients with the vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, limb abnormalities association. Pediatr Transplant 23: e13341, 2019 PubMed

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  • 24.

    Coquillette M, Lee RS, Pagni SE, Cataltepe S, Stein DR: Renal outcomes of neonates with early presentation of posterior urethral valves: A 10-year single center experience. J Perinatol 40: 112117, 2020 PubMed

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  • 25.

    Herbst KW, Tomlinson P, Lockwood G, Mosha MH, Wang Z, D’Alessandri-Silva C: Survival and kidney outcomes of children with an early diagnosis of posterior urethral valves. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 15721580, 2019 PubMed

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  • 26.

    Bilgutay AN, Roth DR, Gonzales ET Jr., Janzen N, Zhang W, Koh CJ, et al. Posterior urethral valves: Risk factors for progression to renal failure. J Pediatr Urol 12: 179.e1179.e7, 2016

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  • 27.

    Teh JC, Frieling ML, Sienna JL, Geary DF: Attitudes of caregivers to management of end-stage renal disease in infants. Perit Dial Int 31: 459465, 2011 PubMed

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  • 28.

    Fauriel I, Moutel G, Moutard ML, Montuclard L, Duchange N, Callies I, et al.: Decisions concerning potentially life-sustaining treatments in paediatric nephrology: A multicentre study in French-speaking countries. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 12521257, 2004 PubMed

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  • 29.

    Chavers BM, Molony JT, Solid CA, Rheault MN, Collins AJ: One-year mortality rates in US children with end-stage renal disease. Am J Nephrol 41: 121128, 2015 PubMed

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  • 30.

    Carey WA, Talley LI, Sehring SA, Jaskula JM, Mathias RS: Outcomes of dialysis initiated during the neonatal period for treatment of end-stage renal disease: A North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies special analysis. Pediatrics 119: e468e473, 2007 PubMed

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  • 31.

    Sanderson KR, Yu Y, Dai H, Willig LK, Warady BA: Outcomes of infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis: An analysis of the USRDS registry. Pediatr Nephrol 34: 155162, 2019 PubMed

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  • 32.

    Carey WA, Martz KL, Warady BA: Outcome of patients initiating chronic peritoneal dialysis during the first year of life. Pediatrics 136: e615e622, 2015 PubMed

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  • 33.

    Rees L: Renal replacement therapies in neonates: Issues and ethics. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 22: 104108, 2017 PubMed

  • 34.

    Wong CS, Gipson DS, Gillen DL, Emerson S, Koepsell T, Sherrard DJ, et al.: Anthropometric measures and risk of death in children with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 36: 811819, 2000 PubMed

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  • 35.

    Gerson AC, Wentz A, Abraham AG, Mendley SR, Hooper SR, Butler RW, et al.: Health-related quality of life of children with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. Pediatrics 125: e349e357, 2010 PubMed

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  • 36.

    Al-Uzri A, Matheson M, Gipson DS, Mendley SR, Hooper SR, Yadin O, et al.; Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study Group: The impact of short stature on health-related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr 163: 73641.e1, 2013 PubMed

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  • 37.

    Furth SL, Hwang W, Yang C, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR: Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 17: 450455, 2002 PubMed

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  • 38.

    Li Y, Greenbaum LA, Warady BA, Furth SL, Ng DK: Short stature in advanced pediatric CKD is associated with faster time to reduced kidney function after transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 34: 897905, 2019 PubMed

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  • 39.

    Mak RH, Cheung W, Cone RD, Marks DL: Mechanisms of disease: Cytokine and adipokine signaling in uremic cachexia. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2: 527534, 2006 PubMed

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  • 40.

    Chadha V, Foster BJ, Mak RH, Warady BA: Nutrition, growth, and development in Pediatric Nephrology (8th Edition; Volume 2), Eds: Emma F, Goldstein SL, Bagga A, Bates CM, Shroff R. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 1717 - 1750; 2022.  doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27843-3_128-1

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  • 41.

    Nelms CL, Shaw V, Greenbaum LA, Anderson C, Desloovere A, Haffner D, et al.: Assessment of nutritional status in children with kidney diseases—Clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Pediatr Nephrol 36: 9951010, 2021 PubMed

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  • 42.

    Group KW; KDOQI Work Group: KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis 53[Suppl 2]: S11S104, 2009 PubMed

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  • 43.

    Shaw V, Polderman N, Renken-Terhaerdt J, Paglialonga F, Oosterveld M, Tuokkola J, et al.: Energy and protein requirements for children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis—Clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Pediatr Nephrol 35: 519531, 2020 PubMed

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  • 44.

    Shaw V, Anderson C, Desloovere A, Greenbaum LA, Haffner D, Nelms CL, et al.: Nutritional management of the infant with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5 and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 38: 87103, 2023 PubMed

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  • 45.

    Rees L, Azocar M, Borzych D, Watson AR, Büscher A, Edefonti A, et al.; International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network (IPPN) registry: Growth in very young children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 23032312, 2011 PubMed

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  • 46.

    Rees L, Shaw V, Qizalbash L, Anderson C, Desloovere A, Greenbaum L, et al.; Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce: Delivery of a nutritional prescription by enteral tube feeding in children with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5 and on dialysis—Clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Pediatr Nephrol 36: 187204, 2021 PubMed

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  • 47.

    Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012: CD003264, 2012

  • 48.

    Drube J, Wan M, Bonthuis M, Wühl E, Bacchetta J, Santos F, et al.; European Society for Paediatric Nephrology Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorders, Dialysis, and Transplantation Working Groups: Clinical practice recommendations for growth hormone treatment in children with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 15: 577589, 2019 PubMed

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  • 49.

    Gipson DS, Hooper SR, Duquette PJ, Wetherington CE, Stellwagen KK, Jenkins TL, et al.: Memory and executive functions in pediatric chronic kidney disease. Child Neuropsychol 12: 391405, 2006 PubMed

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  • 50.

    Hooper SR, Gerson AC, Johnson RJ, Mendley SR, Shinnar S, Lande MB, et al.: Neurocognitive, social-behavioral, and adaptive functioning in preschool children with mild to moderate kidney disease. J Dev Behav Pediatr 37: 231238, 2016 PubMed

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  • 51.

    Rotundo A, Nevins TE, Lipton M, Lockman LA, Mauer SM, Michael AF: Progressive encephalopathy in children with chronic renal insufficiency in infancy. Kidney Int 21: 486491, 1982 PubMed

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  • 52.

    Johnson RJ, Warady BA: Long-term neurocognitive outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease during infancy. Pediatr Nephrol 28: 12831291, 2013 PubMed

  • 53.

    Furth SL, Pierce C, Hui WF, White CA, Wong CS, Schaefer F, et al.; Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD); Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE Inhibition on the Progression of CRF in Pediatric Patients (ESCAPE) Study Investigators: Estimating time to ESRD in children with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 71: 783792, 2018 PubMed

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  • 54.

    Ng DK, Robertson CC, Woroniecki RP, Limou S, Gillies CE, Reidy KJ, et al.: APOL1-associated glomerular disease among African-American children: A collaboration of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) and Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) cohorts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32: 983990, 2017 PubMed

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  • 55.

    Ng DK, Moxey-Mims M, Warady BA, Furth SL, Muñoz A: Racial differences in renal replacement therapy initiation among children with a nonglomerular cause of chronic kidney disease. Ann Epidemiol 26: 780787.e1, 2016 PubMed

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  • 56.

    Ricardo AC, Pereira LN, Betoko A, Goh V, Amarah A, Warady BA, et al.; Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Cohort Investigators: Parental health literacy and progression of chronic kidney disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol 33: 17591764, 2018 PubMed

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  • 57.

    Zhong Y, Muñoz A, Schwartz GJ, Warady BA, Furth SL, Abraham AG: Nonlinear trajectory of GFR in children before RRT. J Am Soc Nephrol 25: 913917, 2014 PubMed

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  • 58.

    Kamath N, Iyengar A, George N, Luyckx VA: Risk factors and rate of progression of CKD in children. Kidney Int Rep 4: 14721477, 2019 PubMed

  • 59.

    Wühl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, et al.; ESCAPE Trial Group: Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 361: 16391650, 2009 PubMed

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  • 60.

    Warady BA, Abraham AG, Schwartz GJ, Wong CS, Muñoz A, Betoko A, et al.: Predictors of rapid progression of glomerular and nonglomerular kidney disease in children and adolescents: The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 65: 878888, 2015 PubMed

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  • 61.

    Melamed ML, Raphael KL: Metabolic acidosis in CKD: A review of recent findings. Kidney Med 3: 267277, 2021 PubMed

  • 62.

    Di Iorio BR, Bellasi A, Raphael KL, Santoro D, Aucella F, Garofano L, et al.; UBI Study Group: Treatment of metabolic acidosis with sodium bicarbonate delays progression of chronic kidney disease: The UBI Study. J Nephrol 32: 9891001, 2019 PubMed

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  • 63.

    Harambat J, Kunzmann K, Azukaitis K, Bayazit AK, Canpolat N, Doyon A, et al.; 4C Study Consortium: Metabolic acidosis is common and associates with disease progression in children with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 92: 15071514, 2017 PubMed

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  • 64.

    Brown DD, Roem J, Ng DK, Reidy KJ, Kumar J, Abramowitz MK, et al.: Low serum bicarbonate and CKD progression in children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 755765, 2020 PubMed

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  • 65.

    Wyld ML, De La Mata NL, Hedley J, Kim S, Kelly PJ, Webster AC: Life years lost in children with kidney failure: A binational cohort study with multistate probabilities of death and life expectancy. J Am Soc Nephrol 34: 10571068, 2023 PubMed

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  • 66.

    Zurowska AM, Fischbach M, Watson AR, Edefonti A, Stefanidis CJ; European Paediatric Dialysis Working Group: Clinical practice recommendations for the care of infants with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD5). Pediatr Nephrol 28: 17391748, 2013 PubMed

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