Metabolic Acidosis
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Zhabiz Solhjou Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

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Martina M. McGrath Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Renal Division, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts

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  • 1

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    Kraut JA, Madias NE: Lactic acidosis. N Engl J Med 371: 23092319, 2014 PubMed

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    Rudkin SE, Grogan TR, Treger RM: The Δ anion gap/Δ bicarbonate ratio in early lactic acidosis: Time for another delta? https://kidney360.asnjournals.org/content/2/1/20. Kidney360 2: 2025, 2020

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    Self WH, Evans CS, Jenkins CA, Brown RM, Casey JD, Collins SP, et al.; Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group: Clinical effects of balanced crystalloids vs saline in adults with diabetic ketoacidosis: A subgroup analysis of cluster randomized clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open 3: e2024596, 2020 PubMed

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    Group KDIGO; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group: KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 98[4S]: S1S115, 2020 PubMed

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    Palmer BF, Clegg DJ: Euglycemic ketoacidosis as a complication of SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 12841291, 2021 PubMed

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    Erondu N, Desai M, Ways K, Meininger G: Diabetic ketoacidosis and related events in the canagliflozin type 2 diabetes clinical program. Diabetes Care 38: 16801686, 2015 PubMed

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    Rosenstock J, Ferrannini E: Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: A predictable, detectable, and preventable safety concern with SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetes Care 38: 16381642, 2015 PubMed

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    Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, Cohan P, Diner JC, Hirsch IB: Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: A potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care 38: 16871693, 2015 PubMed

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    Kum-Nji JS, Gosmanov AR, Steinberg H, Dagogo-Jack S: Hyperglycemic, high anion-gap metabolic acidosis in patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors for diabetes management. J Diabetes Complications 31: 611614, 2017 PubMed

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    Vitale RJ, Valtis YK, McDonnell ME, Palermo NE, Fisher NDL: euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis with COVID-19 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes taking SGLT2 inhibitors. AACE Clin Case Rep 7: 1013, 2021 PubMed

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    Donnan K, Segar L: SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin: Dual antihyperglycemic therapy and the risk of metabolic acidosis in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 846: 2329, 2019 PubMed

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    Ting S, Chua H-R, Cove ME: Euglycemic ketosis during continuous kidney replacement therapy with glucose-free solution: A report of 8 cases. Am J Kidney Dis 78: 305308, 2021 PubMed

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  • 31

    Rein JL, Miyata KN, Dadzie KA, Gruber SJ, Sulica R, Winchester JF: Successfully treated calcific uremic arteriolopathy: Two cases of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Case Rep Nephrol 2014: 765134, 2014 PubMed

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  • 32

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    Mariano F, Biancone L: Metformin, chronic nephropathy and lactic acidosis: A multi-faceted issue for the nephrologist. J Nephrol 34: 11271135, 2021 PubMed

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  • 41

    Madias NE: Metabolic acidosis and CKD progression. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 310312, 2021

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    Goraya N, Simoni J, Sager LN, Mamun A, Madias NE, Wesson DE: Urine citrate excretion identifies changes in acid retention as eGFR declines in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 317: F502F511, 2019 PubMed

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