Update on Hypertension Epidemiology
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Priya Vart Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University, The Netherlands

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  • 1.

    GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 19231994, 2018 PubMed

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  • 2.

    GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392: 17361788, 2018 PubMed

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  • 3.

    Mokdad AH , Ballestros K , Echko M , Glenn S , Olsen HE , Mullany E , et al..; US Burden of Disease Collaborators: The State of US Health, 1990-2016: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US states. JAMA 319: 14441472, 2018 PubMed

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  • 4.

    Wang TW , Asman K , Gentzke AS , Cullen KA , Holder-Hayes E , Reyes-Guzman C , et al..: Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 12251232, 2018 PubMed

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  • 5.

    Gottesman RF , Schneider AL , Albert M , Alonso A , Bandeen-Roche K , Coker L , et al..: Midlife hypertension and 20-year cognitive change: the atherosclerosis risk in communities neurocognitive study. JAMA Neurol 71: 12181227, 2014 PubMed

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  • 6.

    Launer LJ , Masaki K , Petrovitch H , Foley D , Havlik RJ : The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 274: 18461851, 1995 PubMed

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  • 7.

    Reitz C , Luchsinger JA : Relation of blood pressure to cognitive impairment and dementia. Curr Hypertens Rev 3: 166176, 2007 PubMed

  • 8.

    Power MC , Weuve J , Gagne JJ , McQueen MB , Viswanathan A , Blacker D : The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 22: 646659, 2011 PubMed

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  • 9.

    Reitz C , Tang MX , Manly J , Mayeux R , Luchsinger JA : Hypertension and the risk of mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 64: 17341740, 2007 PubMed

  • 10.

    Walker KA , Sharrett AR , Wu A , Schneider ALC , Albert M , Lutsey PL , et al..: Association of midlife to late-life blood pressure patterns with incident dementia. JAMA 322: 535545, 2019 PubMed

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  • 11.

    Mahinrad S , Kurian S , Garner CR , Sedaghat S , Nemeth AJ , Moscufo N , et al..: Cumulative blood pressure exposure during young adulthood and mobility and cognitive function in midlife. Circulation 141: 712724, 2020 PubMed

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  • 12.

    Verhaaren BF , Vernooij MW , de Boer R , Hofman A , Niessen WJ , van der Lugt A , et al..; MA: High blood pressure and cerebral white matter lesion progression in the general population. Hypertension 61: 13541359, 2013 PubMed

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  • 13.

    Egan BM , Li J , Hutchison FN , Ferdinand KC : Hypertension in the United States, 1999 to 2012: progress toward Healthy People 2020 goals. Circulation 130: 16921699, 2014 PubMed

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  • 14.

    NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC): Long-term and recent trends in hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in 12 high-income countries: an analysis of 123 nationally representative surveys. Lancet 394: 639651, 2019 PubMed

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  • 15.

    Nerenberg KA , Zarnke KB , Leung AA , Dasgupta K , Butalia S , McBrien K , et al..; Hypertension Canada: Hypertension Canada’s 2018 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. Can J Cardiol 34: 506525, 2018 PubMed

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  • 16.

    United Nations: World Population Ageing 2017. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf. Accessed on January 27, 2020

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  • 17.

    Sudharsanan N , Geldsetzer P : Impact of coming demographic changes on the number of adults in need of care for hypertension in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa. Hypertension 73: 770776, 2019 PubMed

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  • 18.

    Whelton PK , Carey RM , Aronow WS , Casey DE Jr , Collins KJ , Dennison Himmelfarb C , et al..: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: Executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 138: e426e483, 2018 PubMed

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  • 19.

    Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , Cushman WC , Green LA , Izzo JL Jr , et al..; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289: 25602572, 2003 PubMed

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  • 20.

    Muntner P , Carey RM , Gidding S , Jones DW , Taler SJ , Wright JT Jr , et al..: Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guideline. Circulation 137: 109118, 2018 PubMed

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  • 21.

    Venkateshmurthy NS , Geldsetzer P , Jaacks LM , Prabhakaran D : Implications of the New American College of Cardiology guidelines for hypertension prevalence in India. JAMA Intern Med 178: 14161418, 2018 PubMed

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  • 22.

    Kibria GMA , Swasey K , Kc A , Mirbolouk M , Sakib MN , Sharmeen A , et al..: Estimated change in prevalence of hypertension in Nepal following application of the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline. JAMA Netw Open 1: e180606, 2018 PubMed

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  • 23.

    Martínez-Rueda AJ , Olivas-Martínez A , Vega-Vega O , Fonseca-Correa JI , Correa-Rotter R : New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association High Blood Pressure Guideline. Hypertension 73: 142147, 2019

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  • 24.

    Son JS , Choi S , Kim K , Kim SM , Choi D , Lee G , et al..: Association of blood pressure classification in Korean young adults according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines with subsequent cardiovascular disease events. JAMA 320: 17831792, 2018 PubMed

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  • 25.

    Song P , Zhang Y , Yu J , Zha M , Zhu Y , Rahimi K , et al..: Global prevalence of hypertension in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print Oct 7, 2019]. JAMA Pediatr doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310. PubMed

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  • 26.

    de Moraes ACF , Lacerda MB , Moreno LA , Horta BL , Carvalho HB : Prevalence of high blood pressure in 122,053 adolescents: a systematic review and meta-regression. Medicine (Baltimore) 93: e232, 2014 PubMed

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  • 27.

    National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2) (Suppl 4th Report):555-576.

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  • 28.

    Muntner P , He J , Cutler JA , Wildman RP , Whelton PK : Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA 291: 21072113, 2004 PubMed

  • 29.

    Noubiap JJ , Essouma M , Bigna JJ , Jingi AM , Aminde LN , Nansseu JR : Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2: e375e386, 2017 PubMed

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  • 30.

    Flynn JT , Kaelber DC , Baker-Smith CM , Blowey D , Carroll AE , Daniels SR , et al..; Subcommittee On Screening And Management of High Blood Pressure in Children: Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 140: e20171904, 2017 PubMed

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  • 31.

    Sharma AK , Metzger DL , Rodd CJ : Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. JAMA Pediatr 172: 557565, 2018 PubMed

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  • 32.

    Yang L , Kelishadi R , Hong YM , Khadilkar A , Nawarycz T , Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska M , et al..: Impact of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guideline on hypertension prevalence compared with the fourth report in an international cohort. Hypertension 74: 13431348, 2019 PubMed

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  • 33.

    Bell CS , Samuel JP , Samuels JA : Prevalence of hypertension in children. Hypertension 73: 148152, 2019 PubMed

  • 34.

    Du T , Fernandez C , Barshop R , Chen W , Urbina EM , Bazzano LA : 2017 pediatric hypertension guidelines improve prediction of adult cardiovascular outcomes. Hypertension 73: 12171223, 2019 PubMed

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  • 35.

    Havranek EP , Mujahid MS , Barr DA , Blair IV , Cohen MS , Cruz-Flores S , et al..; American Heart Association Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health, and Stroke Council: Social determinants of risk and outcomes for cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132: 873898, 2015 PubMed

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  • 36.

    Pickering T : Cardiovascular pathways: socioeconomic status and stress effects on hypertension and cardiovascular function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 896: 262277, 1999 PubMed

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  • 37.

    Steptoe A , Feldman PJ , Kunz S , Owen N , Willemsen G , Marmot M : Stress responsivity and socioeconomic status: a mechanism for increased cardiovascular disease risk? Eur Heart J 23: 17571763, 2002 PubMed

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  • 38.

    Brummett BH , Babyak MA , Siegler IC , Shanahan M , Harris KM , Elder GH , et al..: Systolic blood pressure, socioeconomic status, and biobehavioral risk factors in a nationally representative US young adult sample. Hypertension 58: 161166, 2011 PubMed

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  • 39.

    Conen D , Glynn RJ , Ridker PM , Buring JE , Albert MA : Socioeconomic status, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension in a prospective cohort of female health professionals. Eur Heart J 30: 13781384, 2009 PubMed

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  • 40.

    Rosengren A , Smyth A , Rangarajan S , Ramasundarahettige C , Bangdiwala SI , AlHabib KF , et al..: Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study. Lancet Glob Health 7: e748e760, 2019 PubMed

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  • 41.

    Wirtz VJ , Kaplan WA , Kwan GF , Laing RO : Access to medications for cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Circulation 133: 20762085, 2016 PubMed

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  • 42.

    Wang Z , Chen Z , Zhang L , Wang X , Hao G , Zhang Z , et al..; China Hypertension Survey Investigators: Status of hypertension in china: results from the China Hypertension Survey, 2012-2015. Circulation 137: 23442356, 2018 PubMed

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  • 43.

    Geldsetzer P , Manne-Goehler J , Theilmann M , Davies JI , Awasthi A , Vollmer S , et al..: Diabetes and hypertension in India: a nationally representative study of 1.3 million adults. JAMA Intern Med 178: 363372, 2018 PubMed

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  • 44.

    Antignac M , Diop IB , Macquart de Terline D , Kramoh KE , Balde DM , Dzudie A , et al..: Socioeconomic status and hypertension control in sub-Saharan Africa: the multination EIGHT study (evaluation of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa). Hypertension 71: 577584, 2018 PubMed

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  • 45.

    Odutayo A , Gill P , Shepherd S , Akingbade A , Hopewell S , Tennankore K , et al..: Income disparities in absolute cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in the United States, 1999-2014. JAMA Cardiol 2: 782790, 2017 PubMed

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  • 46.

    Mossaad N : (2010) The impact of the recession on older Americans. Available at https://www.prb.org/recessionolderamericans/. Accessed January 31, 2020

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    Arcaya M , Glymour MM , Chakrabarti P , Christakis NA , Kawachi I , Subramanian SV : Effects of proximate foreclosed properties on individuals’ systolic blood pressure in Massachusetts, 1987 to 2008. Circulation 129: 22622268, 2014 PubMed

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  • 48.

    Seeman T , Thomas D , Merkin SS , Moore K , Watson K , Karlamangla A : The great recession worsened blood pressure and blood glucose levels in American adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115: 32963301, 2018 PubMed

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    Wraw C , Deary IJ , Gale CR , Der G : Intelligence in youth and health at age 50. Intelligence 53: 2332, 2015 PubMed

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    Hofer SM , Clouston S . Commentary: On the Importance of Early Life Cognitive Abilities in Shaping Later Life Outcomes. Res Hum Dev 11: 241246, 2014

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    Altschul DM , Wraw C , Der G , Gale CR , Deary IJ : Hypertension development by midlife and the roles of premorbid cognitive function, sex, and their interaction. Hypertension 73: 812819, 2019 PubMed

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    Lubinski D , Benbow CP , Kell HJ : Life paths and accomplishments of mathematically precocious males and females four decades later. Psychol Sci 25: 22172232, 2014 PubMed

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  • 53.

    Briasoulis A , Agarwal V , Messerli FH : Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 14: 792798, 2012 PubMed

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  • 54.

    Sesso HD , Cook NR , Buring JE , Manson JE , Gaziano JM : Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in women and men. Hypertension 51: 10801087, 2008 PubMed

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    Thadhani R , Camargo CA Jr , Stampfer MJ , Curhan GC , Willett WC , Rimm EB : Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of hypertension in young women. Arch Intern Med 162: 569574, 2002 PubMed

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    Millwood IY , Walters RG , Mei XW , Guo Y , Yang L , Bian Z , et al..; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group: Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. Lancet 393: 18311842, 2019 PubMed

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  • 57.

    Alterman T , Luckhaupt SE , Dahlhamer JM , Ward BW , Calvert GM : Prevalence rates of work organization characteristics among workers in the U.S.: data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Ind Med 56: 647659, 2013 PubMed

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  • 58.

    Eurofound (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – overview report (2017 update). Available at: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2016/working-conditions/sixth-european-working-conditions-survey-overview-report. Accessed January 14, 2020

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  • 59.

    Kivimäki M , Jokela M , Nyberg ST , Singh-Manoux A , Fransson EI , Alfredsson L , et al..; Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603,838 indoviduals. Lancet 386: 17391746, 2015 PubMed

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  • 60.

    Trudel X , Brisson C , Gilbert-Ouimet M , Vézina M , Talbot D , Milot A : Long working hours and the prevalence of masked and sustained hypertension. Hypertension 75: 532538, 2020 PubMed

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  • 61.

    Muñoz Aguilera E , Suvan J , Buti J , Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M , Barbosa Ribeiro A , Orlandi M , et al..: Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Res 116: 2839, 2020 PubMed

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    Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M , Osmenda G , Siedlinski M , Nosalski R , Pelka P , Nowakowski D , et al..: Causal association between periodontitis and hypertension: evidence from Mendelian randomization and a randomized controlled trial of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Eur Heart J 40: 34593470, 2019 PubMed

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  • 63.

    Pietropaoli D , Del Pinto R , Ferri C , Wright JT Jr , Giannoni M , Ortu E , et al..: Poor oral health and blood pressure control among US hypertensive adults. Hypertension 72: 13651373, 2018 PubMed

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    Marmot MG , Elliott P : Public health measures for blood pressure control in the whole community. Clin Exp Hypertens A 11: 11711186, 1989 PubMed

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    Pazoki R , Dehghan A , Evangelou E , Warren H , Gao H , Caulfield M , et al..: Genetic predisposition to high blood pressure and lifestyle factors: associations with midlife blood pressure levels and cardiovascular events. Circulation 137: 653661, 2018 PubMed

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